GlobalFoundries and U.S. Department of Defense Showcase Secure Chip Manufacturing at 2023 Trusted Foundry Training

Annual event for aerospace and defense industry showcases necessity, value of Trusted chip manufacturing 

MALTA, N.Y., Oct. 12, 2023 – GlobalFoundries (Nasdaq: GFS) (GF) and the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) will host a group of leaders and technologists from across the aerospace and defense industry on October 18-19 at GF’s Trusted Foundry Training 2023 in Arlington, Virginia. The invite-only event will showcase the critical role of Trusted chip manufacturing for sensitive national defense applications and highlight how essential chips securely manufactured by GF are enabling innovation and provide an efficient path to new technology development across a range of markets. 

The 2023 Trusted Foundry Training builds on the announcement last month of the DoD awarding GF a new $3.1 billion, 10-year contract for a supply of securely manufactured, U.S.-made semiconductors for use across a wide range of critical aerospace and defense applications. The new contract was the third sequential 10-year contract of its kind between the DoD and the Trusted Foundry business team at GF. 

At the Trusted Foundry Training event, Steven J. Morani, DoD principal deputy assistant secretary of defense for sustainment, will deliver the keynote address on Oct. 18. In addition, Dr. Nicholas Martin, director of DoD’s Defense Microelectronics Activity (DMEA), Aman Gahoonia, director of the DMEA’s Trusted Access Program Office (TAPO), and Dr. Carl McCants, special assistant to the DARPA director, along with other leaders from government and the defense sector, will take the stage to discuss Trusted chip manufacturing and provide key updates to the DoD’s Trusted Foundry program. 

On Oct. 19, Igor Arsovski, fellow and head of silicon technology at AI startup Groq, will deliver the keynote “Waking up to AI.” Along with presentations from the GF team on the company’s silicon photonics, gallium nitride, silicon germanium and other wide bandgap technologies, day two of the event will include discussions around supply chain resiliency and transparency, chips for harsh environments, and conclude with remarks from GF’s Ezra Hall, senior director of aerospace and defense, about the benefits of enhanced chip manufacturing security for companies outside the defense sector.​ 

“As the leading supplier of securely manufactured essential chips for the U.S. aerospace and defense industry, and a longstanding partner to the U.S. Department of Defense, GF is uniquely positioned to convene this group of leaders and decision makers for a wide-ranging discussion on Trusted chip manufacturing,” said Mike Cadigan, chief corporate and government affairs officer at GF, who will kick off the event on Oct. 18. “Defense contractors will hear straight from the source how GF Trusted manufacturing, our platforms and solutions, our design enablement and turnkey services, when paired with our industry-leading IP offerings and design tools, are accelerating design cycles and enabling our customers to speed up their time to market for new technologies.” 

GF’s U.S. facilities are DoD-accredited to the highest level, Trusted Supplier Category 1A, which implements proven stringent security measures to protect sensitive information and manufacture chips with the highest levels of integrity to ensure they are uncompromised. 

About GF 

GlobalFoundries (GF) is one of the world’s leading semiconductor manufacturers. GF is redefining innovation and semiconductor manufacturing by developing and delivering feature-rich process technology solutions that provide leadership performance in pervasive high growth markets. GF offers a unique mix of design, development, and fabrication services. With a talented and diverse workforce and an at-scale manufacturing footprint spanning the U.S., Europe and Asia, GF is a trusted technology source to its worldwide customers. For more information, visit www.gf.com

©GlobalFoundries Inc., GF, GlobalFoundries, the GF logos and other GF marks are trademarks of GlobalFoundries Inc. Or its subsidiaries. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. 

Forward-looking Information 

This news release may contain forward-looking statements, which involve risks and uncertainties. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any of these forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date hereof. GF undertakes no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this news release or to reflect actual outcomes, unless required by law. 

Media Contact 

Michael Mullaney 
[email protected] 

GlobalFoundries Announces Conference Call to Review Third Quarter 2023 Financial Results

MALTA, N.Y., Oct. 02, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — GlobalFoundries (NASDAQ: GFS) today announced that it will host a conference call on Tuesday, November 7, 2023, at 8:30 a.m. ET following the release of the company’s third quarter 2023 financial results.

Conference Call and Webcast Information

The company will host a conference call with the financial community on Tuesday, November 7, 2023, at 8:30 a.m. ET. Interested parties may join the scheduled conference call by registering here.

The company’s financial results and a webcast of the conference call will be available on GlobalFoundries’ Investor Relations website at https://investors.gf.com.

About GF

GlobalFoundries Inc. (GF) is one of the world’s leading semiconductor manufacturers. GF is redefining innovation and semiconductor manufacturing by developing and delivering feature-rich process technology solutions that provide leadership performance in pervasive high growth markets. GF offers a unique mix of design, development and fabrication services. With a talented and diverse workforce and an at-scale manufacturing footprint spanning the U.S., Europe and Asia, GF is a trusted technology source to its worldwide customers. For more information, visit www.gf.com.

©GlobalFoundries Inc. GF, GlobalFoundries, the GF logos and other GF marks are trademarks of GlobalFoundries Inc. or its subsidiaries. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. 

For further information, please contact:

[email protected] 

CNBC: How GlobalFoundries rose to be the world’s third-biggest chip foundry

GlobalFoundries Unveils Power-Efficient Advancements to 22FDX® Platform at Annual Tech Summit

New Features, Temperature-Resilient Capabilities Meet Growing Demands in IoT and Automotive Industries

MUNICH, September 27, 2023 – Today at its annual Technology Summit in Europe, GlobalFoundries (GF) (Nasdaq: GFS) announced advancements to its industry-leading 22FDX® (22nm FD-SOI) platform, introducing a suite of innovative features and enhancements. These enhancements represent a strategic response to the growing demand for better power efficiency and top-tier performance in both IoT and automotive applications.

The new features include ultra-low power memory, designed to operate with exceptional energy efficiency, even in the most power-sensitive environments. Additionally, GF’s 22FDX platform introduces advanced temperature-resistant capabilities, which are critical for the auto industry as they ensure the long-term durability, reliability and safety of vehicle electronic systems, particularly in high-heat environments found under the hood and during demanding operations. The technology also offers optimized energy management, allowing for intelligent power consumption and improved battery life in a variety of devices.

In the rapidly expanding network of IoT devices, new features on 22FDX+ offer several advancements, including 0.5pA/cell memories and ultra-low retention leakage flops to minimize power in sleep mode; 0.4V standard cells libraries and memories with 30% lower power savings; and an expanded suite of devices that provide greater than 20% noise performance, up to 70% higher Q-factor, and lower switching loss to reduce analog power and area. 

For the automotive industry, GF announced 22FDX+ AutoPro™ 150. This offering extends the capabilities of 22FDX+ for use in automotive up to 150°C with corner tightened standard cell libraries and optimized SRAM compilers to boost chip performance by 10% or reduce power consumption by up to 20%. Novel SRAM bitcells and compilers that are optimized with reverse body-biasing, a capability only possible in FDSOI technology, can deliver up to 60% leakage reduction at 150°C junction temperature.

“GlobalFoundries is at the forefront of tackling power consumption challenges in IoT and automotive industries, where achieving the lowest power possible is paramount. With our world-class wireless connectivity and our smart and secure chips, we’re driving the development of intelligent connected devices that can operate under harsh environments with the best power efficiency. GF is uniquely positioned to empower billions of connected devices to operate efficiently, and we’re proud to partner with industry leaders like Nordic Semiconductor to deliver a compact, ultra-low power, high-performance chip with advanced memory, multiprotocol radio and top-tier security features,” said Niels Anderskouv, Chief Business Officer at GF.

“Decades of ultra-low-power wireless expertise have come together to form the nRF54 Series,” said Svein-Egil Nielsen, CTO and EVP of R&D at Nordic Semiconductor. “We’re pleased to partner with GF on this journey. Our first SoC from the fourth generation of Bluetooth LE solutions, the nRF54H20, not only represents a significant milestone for Nordic but also allows Nordic’s customers to build end-products far more advanced and efficient than those we see today. This SoC, the inaugural offering in the nRF54 Series, proves ideal for disruptive IoT applications that require high processing power, exceptional energy efficiency, and state-of-the-art security.”

About GTS

GF Technology Summit (GTS) 2023 is GF’s worldwide, annual series of technology-focused events. GTS brings together leaders from the commercial, business and research worlds to understand the latest technology challenges and opportunities, and partner to create the most innovative applications and solutions.

About GlobalFoundries

GlobalFoundries® (GF®) is one of the world’s leading semiconductor manufacturers. GF is redefining innovation and semiconductor manufacturing by developing and delivering feature-rich process technology solutions that provide leadership performance in pervasive high growth markets. GF offers a unique mix of design, development and fabrication services. With a talented and diverse workforce and an at-scale manufacturing footprint spanning the U.S., Europe and Asia, GF is a trusted technology source to its worldwide customers. For more information, visit www.gf.com.

Forward-looking Information

This news release may contain forward-looking statements, which involve risks and uncertainties. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any of these forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date hereof. GF undertakes no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this news release or to reflect actual outcomes, unless required by law. 

Media Contact

Erica McGill
GF
[email protected]
518-795-5240

GlobalFoundries and Microchip Announce Microchip’s 28nm SuperFlash® Embedded Flash Memory Solution in Production

Widely deployed non-volatile memory (NVM) solution is optimized for microcontrollers, smartcards, and IoT chips

CHANDLER, Ariz., and Malta, New York, September 27, 2023 – GlobalFoundries (GF) (Nasdaq: GFS) and Microchip Technology (Nasdaq: MCHP), via its Silicon Storage Technology (SST) subsidiary, today announces the immediate release to production of the SST ESF3 third-generation embedded SuperFlash non-volatile memory (NVM) solution in the GF 28SLPe foundry process.

GF has established a new industry benchmark for implementing SST’s widely deployed ESF3 SuperFlash technology. This implementation delivers the following capabilities and benefits:

  • Lowest cost 28nm HKMG ESF3 solution with only 10 masks added, incl. true 5V IO CMOS devices
  • Highly competitive SST ESF3 bitcell size of only 0.04 micron squared
  • Operating temperature rating of -40 degrees C to 125 degrees C
  • Sub-25 nanosecond (ns) read access times, 10 microsecond program times and 4 millisecond erase times
  • Endurance exceeding 100,000 program/erase cycles
  • No impact to design flows using GF 28SLPe platform-qualified IP (EG flow)
  • Immediate availability of off-the-shelf macros, from 4 megabits (Mb) to 32 Mb
  • Access to custom macro design support from SST or GF

Use cases for embedded flash are exploding with the drive for increased intelligence at the edge.  Embedded memory for secure code storage, over-the-air-updates and enhanced functionality is on the rise in a wide range of applications in Home and Industrial IoT as well as Smart Mobile Devices.  Innovative platforms are required to meet these needs. 

“GF is proud to partner with SST to develop, qualify, and release to production this impressive embedded NVM solution on our robust 28SLPe platform,” said Mike Hogan, Chief Business Unit Officer at GF. “GF’s customers are finding this combination of high performance, excellent reliability, IP availability, and cost effectiveness to be ideal for advanced MCUs, complex smart cards, and IoT chips for consumer and industrial products.”

“SST and GF have partnered closely over the last decade to integrate and productize SST’s industry-standard ESF1 and ESF3 embedded Flash technologies into GF’s 130nm BCD, 55nm, 40nm, and now 28nm foundry platforms,” added Mark Reiten, vice president of SST, Microchip’s licensing business unit. “We are excited by the leadership position GF is establishing for the broadest offering of embedded NVM solutions and expect our close partnership to deliver additional breakthroughs over the coming decade.”

SST is exhibiting its embedded Flash technology in the IP partner area during today’s GF Technology Summit in Munich.

Customers interested in GF’s ESF1 and ESF3 platform solutions should access the GF website located at www.gf.com/technology-platforms and contact us for more information at www.gf.com/about-us/contact-us.

Customers interested in SST’s ESF1, ESF3, and SuperFlash® memBrain™ neuromorphic memory solution IP offerings should contact [email protected] or the appropriate regional contact listed on the SST website.

About Silicon Storage Technology (SST)

Microchip Technology’s SST subsidiary is a leading provider of embedded flash technology. SST develops, designs, licenses and markets a diversified range of proprietary and patented SuperFlash memory technology solutions for the consumer, industrial, automotive and Internet of Things (IoT) markets. SST was founded in 1989, went public in 1995 and was acquired by Microchip in April 2010. SST is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Microchip and is headquartered in San Jose, Calif. For more information, visit the SST website at www.sst.com.

About Microchip Technology

Microchip Technology Inc. is a leading provider of smart, connected and secure embedded control solutions. Its easy-to-use development tools and comprehensive product portfolio enable customers to create optimal designs which reduce risk while lowering total system cost and time to market. The company’s solutions serve more than 125,000 customers across the industrial, automotive, consumer, aerospace and defense, communications and computing markets. Headquartered in Chandler, Arizona, Microchip offers outstanding technical support along with dependable delivery and quality. For more information, visit the Microchip website at www.microchip.com.

About GF

GlobalFoundries (GF) is one of the world’s leading semiconductor manufacturers. GF is redefining innovation and semiconductor manufacturing by developing and delivering feature-rich process technology solutions that provide leadership performance in pervasive high growth markets. GF offers a unique mix of design, development, and fabrication services. With a talented and diverse workforce and an at-scale manufacturing footprint spanning the U.S., Europe and Asia, GF is a trusted technology source to its worldwide customers. For more information, visit www.gf.com.

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Note: The Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo, SuperFlash and SST are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other countries. memBrain is a trademark of Microchip Technology Inc. in the U.S.A. and other countries. All other trademarks are the property of their respective companies.

Editorial Contact:

Brian Thorsen
480-792-7182
[email protected]

Reader Inquiries:

1-888-624-7435

BERNAMA: GlobalFoundries opens new hub facility in Penang

Industry Leaders Gather in Europe for GF Technology Summit 2023

Munich Event Highlights Technology Advancements and Unveils Essential Chips Roadmap

MUNICH, September 26, 2023 – At its annual Technology Summit in Europe beginning September 27th, GlobalFoundries (GF) (Nasdaq: GFS), is highlighting key advancements to its technology platforms and solutions that will enable better power efficiency, enhanced performance and security for applications across critical end markets including IoT, smart mobile and automotive. These milestones highlight GF’s semiconductor manufacturing leadership in product development, validation and market readiness for critical applications in IoT, 5G and 6G smartphones, and electric vehicles.

Building upon the GF Technology Summit in North America this past August, the sessions in Munich will focus on leading at the edge, manufacturing semiconductors in a digital, AI-driven, world through the evolving landscape of communications infrastructure and the electrification of vehicles.

GF’s President and CEO, Dr. Thomas Caulfield, will kick-off the event with a keynote address entitled “Essential chips fuel the era of AI,” which emphasizes the transformative potential of these technologies and their significance in the rapidly evolving semiconductor landscape. In addition, Peter Schiefer, Infineon Division President Automotive, Jean-Marc Chery, President and CEO of STMicroelectronics and Karsten Schnake, Board Member for Procurement at of ŠKODA AUTO & Head of Project COMPASS at Volkswagen AG will take the stage.

Dr. Thomas Caulfield, joined by leaders in the fabless semiconductor and end-markets industries, will also share GF’s corporate vision for manufacturing the essential chips we rely on to live, work, and connect. In addition, GF’s technology and product management leaders, accompanied by partners in the semiconductor design and manufacturing ecosystem, will outline the company’s technology and solutions roadmap.

Held at the Sofitel Munich Bayerpost, the two-day summit also introduces a new format. This year, representatives from GF’s Technology, Business, and Commercial teams are on hand to host small group meetings, facilitating deeper discussions and partnerships with GF customers.

About GTS

GF Technology Summit (GTS) 2023 is GF’s worldwide, annual series of technology-focused events. GTS brings together leaders from the commercial, business and research worlds to understand the latest technology challenges and opportunities, and partner to create the most innovative applications and solutions.

About GlobalFoundries

GlobalFoundries® (GF®) is one of the world’s leading semiconductor manufacturers. GF is redefining innovation and semiconductor manufacturing by developing and delivering feature-rich process technology solutions that provide leadership performance in pervasive high growth markets. GF offers a unique mix of design, development and fabrication services. With a talented and diverse workforce and an at-scale manufacturing footprint spanning the U.S., Europe and Asia, GF is a trusted technology source to its worldwide customers. For more information, visit www.gf.com.

Forward-looking Information

This news release may contain forward-looking statements, which involve risks and uncertainties. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any of these forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date hereof. GF undertakes no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this news release or to reflect actual outcomes, unless required by law. 

Media Contact

[email protected]

GlobalFoundries Announces Opening of New Malaysia Office to Support Global Manufacturing Operations

  • Engineering team in Penang, Malaysia is part of a strategic hub network that will provide round-the-clock support for GF’s global manufacturing operations
  • Penang office will utilize the latest digital manufacturing technologies such as remote access and state-of-the-art Factory Control Tower
  • New site will create 300 new jobs for engineering and manufacturing support roles in Penang

SINGAPORE, SEPTEMBER 26, 2023 – GlobalFoundries (Nasdaq: GFS) (GF) today announced the official opening of a new hub facility in Penang, Malaysia. This new facility will create 300 high-value manufacturing support roles, including technicians, engineers, administrative and support functions.

The GF Malaysia office is part of a strategic hub network that leverages the Company’s global footprint and complements GF’s global fab operations by providing engineering resources to supplement operations on a real-time basis. This site will utilize the latest digital manufacturing technologies such as remote access, Industry 4.0 solutions and GF’s state-of-the-art Factory Control Tower.

The event was graced by Yang Amat Berhormat Tuan Chow Kon Yeow, Chief Minister of Penang, Dato’ Loo Lee Lian, CEO of InvestPenang, guests from Malaysia Digital Economy Corporation (MDEC), and Kay Chai (KC) Ang, Chief Manufacturing Officer of GlobalFoundries, amongst others.

The new Penang operation will ensure that all of GF’s global manufacturing sites in Singapore, the U.S., and Europe have fundamental round-the-clock support enabling the company to maintain supply chain resiliency and sustainability for global operations, as GF continues to deliver on our commitments to meet the market demand for GF chips.

“Our newly opened Malaysia operations will leverage the strengths of our existing global manufacturing footprint and harmonize operations across all sites, offering customers truly world-class global operations,” said Mr. Kay Chai (KC) Ang, Chief Manufacturing Officer, GlobalFoundries. “Penang is a vibrant location at the forefront of semiconductor manufacturing innovation. The forward-thinking policies of the government have built a strong ecosystem and attracted a large base of highly skilled talent in our industry that will enable us to diversify our talent pool,” he added.

YAB Tuan Chow Kon Yeow, Chief Minister of Penang, stated, “At a time where business and supply chain resiliency are key priorities, GlobalFoundries’ global manufacturing footprint sets the company ahead of the pack. Particularly, the Company’s emphasis on digital manufacturing also aligns with Penang’s goals and roadmap as we continue to anchor our position as the Silicon Valley of the East.”

Ts. Mahadhir Aziz, Chief Executive Officer of Malaysia Digital Economy Corporation (MDEC) said, “MDEC is elated to welcome GlobalFoundries onto our shores. The establishment of its new hub facility signifies confidence in Malaysia’s robust and enabling ecosystem, our pool of digitally skilled talent and world-class infrastructure that affirms Malaysia’s position as the digital hub of ASEAN. Through the Malaysia Digital (MD) national strategic initiative and PEMANGKIN programs, we look forward to supporting GlobalFoundries’ expansion in Malaysia, transforming our digital capabilities, creating job opportunities, and further enhancing growth in the digital economy.”

Malaysia hopes to achieve a 15% market share in the semiconductor and electronics industry by 2030, up from 13%. The State, via InvestPenang, strives to provide continuous assistance and facilitation for all investors in Penang, while spearheading the development of a sustainable industrial ecosystem, and GF stands ready to support this effort with the opening of its new office.

The GF Malaysia office is located at Bayan Lepas, Penang, and will be a complement to the recently opened GF Singapore fabrication plant. The close proximity between both countries provides opportunities for cross-border initiatives and broadening the talent pool.

About InvestPenang

InvestPenang is the Penang State Government’s principal agency for promotion of investment. Its objectives are to develop and sustain Penang’s economy by enhancing and continuously supporting business activities in the State through foreign and local investments, including spawning viable new growth centers. To realize its objectives, InvestPenang also runs initiatives like the SMART Penang Center (providing assistance to SMEs) and Penang CAT Center (for talent attraction and retention). For more information, please visit https://investpenang.gov.my/ and follow InvestPenang’s social media channels: Facebook; LinkedIn.

About GF

GlobalFoundries (GF) is one of the world’s leading semiconductor manufacturers. GF is redefining innovation and semiconductor manufacturing by developing and delivering feature-rich process technology solutions that provide leadership performance in pervasive high growth markets. GF offers a unique mix of design, development and fabrication services. With a talented and diverse workforce and an at-scale manufacturing footprint spanning the U.S., Europe and Asia, GF is a trusted technology source to its worldwide customers. For more information, visit www.gf.com.

©GlobalFoundries Inc., GF, GlobalFoundries, the GF logos and other GF marks are trademarks of GlobalFoundries Inc. or its subsidiaries. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

Forward-looking Information

This news release may contain forward-looking statements, which involve risks and uncertainties. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any of these forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date hereof. GF undertakes no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this news release or to reflect actual outcomes, unless require by law.

Media Contact:

Luana Low
GlobalFoundries
[email protected]

Elaine Cheah / Michelle Goy
InvestPenang
[email protected] / [email protected]

GlobalFoundries Submits Applications for U.S. CHIPS and Science Act Funding

GF seeking funding to support capacity expansion and modernization of its U.S. fabs

MALTA, N.Y., Sept. 25, 2023 – GlobalFoundries (Nasdaq: GFS) (GF) announced today it has applied for U.S. CHIPS and Science Act Funding, with two full applications submitted to the CHIPS Program Office of the U.S. Department of Commerce. The submitted applications are for capacity expansion and modernization of GF’s U.S. manufacturing facilities.

“As the leading manufacturer of essential semiconductors for the U.S. government, and a vital supplier to the automotive, aerospace and defense, IoT and other markets, GF has submitted our applications to the CHIPS Program Office to participate in the federal grants and investment tax credits enabled by the U.S. CHIPS and Science Act,” said Steven Grasso, senior director of global government affairs at GF. “This federal support is critical for GF to continue growing its U.S. manufacturing footprint, strengthening U.S economic security, supply chain resiliency, and national defense.”

GF is a longstanding partner to the U.S. government and the leading supplier of securely manufactured essential chips for the U.S. aerospace and defense industry. GF-made essential chips are driving innovation, increasing power efficiency, and minimizing the total cost of ownership for products in high-growth markets including automotive, data center, IoT, aerospace and defense, and smart mobile.

About GF

GlobalFoundries (GF) is one of the world’s leading semiconductor manufacturers. GF is redefining innovation and semiconductor manufacturing by developing and delivering feature-rich process technology solutions that provide leadership performance in pervasive high growth markets. GF offers a unique mix of design, development, and fabrication services. With a talented and diverse workforce and an at-scale manufacturing footprint spanning the U.S., Europe and Asia, GF is a trusted technology source to its worldwide customers. For more information, visit www.gf.com.

©GlobalFoundries Inc., GF, GlobalFoundries, the GF logos and other GF marks are trademarks of GlobalFoundries Inc. Or its subsidiaries. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

Forward-looking Information

This news release may contain forward-looking statements, which involve risks and uncertainties. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any of these forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date hereof. GF undertakes no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this news release or to reflect actual outcomes, unless required by law.

Media Contact

Michael Mullaney
[email protected]

Times Union: GlobalFoundries awarded $3.1 billion chip contract by Department of DefenseTimes Union: